==~•The Big Question•~==
Why does liminal photography work?
==~~~•Intro•~~~==
If you haven't seen the huge amount of liminal space in photography inspired by the concept of the Backrooms then I'd be fairly surprised. It's a weirdly eery and creepy style of what is usually a wide shot of a landscape or a mildly dark room, sometimes with some sort of unrealistic or atypical feature of real life like this photo:
==~~~~~~•Analysis•~~~~~~==
I have a few main ideas that really struck me when I saw how consistent they were with good photography of this type.
1. The Ghost Town Effect
I didn't know what to call this but liminal space usually has this really creepy effect that can be supernatural and weird at times.
Photos like this show off the same effect abandoned cities do, an explicitly scary contrast between the contextual image about cities in the viewer's head of which is usually a busy, bustling place like London with thousands of people, buses and moving parts, with the emptiness of the scene, the complete opposite of what a city means to people. This triggers a survival instinct as you ask why the hell a commonly overcrowded, loud and prosperous city has just quickly disappeared. Is there a threat? Photos of liminal space are known to be taken in usually crowded or busy places, at least meant for people to be actively passing through, like in the ones above being shot in some kind of playground and an underground tunnel. Often they are taken in places that are swarming and annoyingly so like swimming pools and city streets. In narrative this could imply a city destroying predator or maybe a global / national disaster like a zombie apocalypse. The fact that something that is the literal peak of human civilisation in terms of architecture and infrastructure containing tens upon tens of thousands of individual thinkers hasn't managed to survive a threat means there is danger - and you are a tiny person wandering a giants skeleton. Not even a trace of a single soul survived, no loose pets, no people, nothing living.
Just as Rome wasn't built in a day, cities don't usually die in a day because they have been built up to be stable on economic, security and health fronts, so the more realistic reason for the empty city is that they mass migrated or are hiding. The idea of either of these being enough of a widely accepted solution that hundreds of thousands of diverse people agreed to and (possibly united with each other to do so) committed to leaving so much behind, really begs the question of what was so threatening it made people run from it in the first place. The lack of any wanderers also suggests people didn't want to come back in fear of the threat remaining, giving you an implicit or subconscious heart attack realising you could be easily destroyed in that place. The idea of people "hiding" alone sets an anxious tone that there is a predator, either of human or monstruous nature, the immediate inference made from the idea of hiding as well as the danger associated with the connotations of hiding meaning they are hiding from something sets off an alert in your head, building tension. People really don't like leaving stuff behind they've built up over years (there is a psychological heuristic of "I've gotten this far I can't give up now"), you know this because we do it all the time even if it's something small we built up or the alternative is better; it is used in gambling to keep you playing as you've already spent so much, surely you'll win your money back with just one more try! After all, 90% of gamblers quit before they play their next winning game. Therefore seeing this completely empty place shows the people must've had a damn good reason to leave as they'd have had to overcome emotional attachments, leave everything behind, join the others and run without carrying any of their stuff if it's still seen in the city. Despite this, some ghost towns are presented as being run down over a long time, which could imply the city was so unbearable to live in, so inefficient and dying that people left for better lives.
A lack of dead bodies further adds to the mystery and maybe supernatural element with the living status of the city members being unknown: they could be alive and hiding, alive and outside the city, dead underground, or maybe a monster ate their corpses.
The deadness felt about this empty town can begin to invoke messages relating to the paranormal, I mean the name "ghost town" simply describes an abandoned town with remains of it still standing. Ghosts are simply dead people in some stories so maybe the town is dead. It may suggest elements of this town are still alive, something magical must have emptied the city of it's people if it wasn't something normal, it is hard to imagine a reasonable and concrete force destroying an entire town although modern technology and explanations could give answers. Maybe it was a natural disaster, a nuclear bomb, possibly mass resource decay or loss, maybe caused by nuclear reactors exploding. There could well be moral connotations brought from ghosts because narratively they often exist from having unfinished business when they were alive, or something hugely malevolent and unfair caused their death (like in the recent film black phone), sometimes they exist to guide someone they're connected to in the living world. There could also be a vengeful spirit on the loose, ready for you to confront, maybe a version of the trope of mother nature taking her land back. Some form of evil spirit or demon could've taken the consciousness out of people making them slaves to nature, maybe humans were morphed into another form so another species could use us as hosts.
The idea of any large threat also gives way to possible survivors, meaning it isn't impossible that an oasis is formed, or more importantly, traps and weapons are within the city.
2. The element of weird
This has to be one of my favourite elements of photography and general art and fiction because it's really hard to explain sometimes but there's just this either foreboding, unsettling, or plain mysterious weirdness about a photo that you can't quite point to or say why it exists. Sometimes you can and even then it is visually interesting to find the factors going into this creepy factor. In liminal photography the first technique I believe is sometimes used, is the purposefully (I hope) bad image quality. As well as being used or found in some video games like Granny the mobile game, this blurriness and low resolution is basically a cheap and crude way of making more unclear and ambiguous unknown stuff in the image. It's like smudging a drawing to make it seem more realistic by covering up the faults, or just lowering light levels to show less imperfect features of your face in a picture although that is a different thing in and of itself. Not only is it a nice way to present bad quality as a style, it actually does work as a style / visual aesthetic. This is most effective in horror art because it's harder to make out shapes and see in blurry portions of the image, meaning you force all viewers and their natural survival tendencies to work a little harder to check if there's actually something dangerous in that dark corner or if it's the pile of clothes you dumped on a chair at 3am. It has the same effect as darkness or any other technique to create unknown in an image. It may make it seem like a pixel-ly and old fashioned which is a style in itself alongside playing with hints to the time period.
Liminal spaces like the water levels of the backrooms like such ones as this:
it creates the feel you get when you look at a complicated 3d scratch game or blender 3d model. It doesn't seem practical or like it exists normally in the real world so you assume it is user or AI generated, because robots like making pictures of swimming pools I guess. The scene feels so random but constructed well so it could be guessed that some program made it not knowing what the setting's purpose would be or that most places have practical uses that we know about just as a swimming pool does. They have conventions, and this seems unusually unconventional and so sparks our interest, leaving it to be marked as something our brain sees as different and new; anything new can be dangerous, as well as interesting. Breaking conventions outlines contrast and sticks out, and is used in literary writing being the opposite to parallelism.
Working in tandem with the unknown blurriness and generated feeling created by these images is the constrasting childish and hollow themes of innocence. Bright primary colours, childish settings like playrooms, settings with an Innocent purpose yet an underlying potential for being deadly like swimming pools and streets (drowning and murder), and unnaturally proportioned objects that represent an over compensated proof of innocence and safety. These seem to combine in a subset of liminal photography photos with the ghost town effect to unsettle the viewers with an in your face presentation of supposed safety like rainbow pathways while still having the element of unknown and deadliness of a dark alleyway. Children are furthermore a symbol of pure innocence and raw perception due to their lack of experience and usually responsibility needing to be taken, they are a bundle of positivity that are used to build up this facade of safety. On the other hand, children do some of the freakiest stuff in real life like imagine waking up to your kid in front of you at night saying they had a nightmare, or the dark drawings some do, it's a contrast that is unexpected for an innocent archetype. This is why horror films and stories often take advantage of children's innocence by having them possessed by demons, do evil and malevolent things like write violent warnings, and child lullabies are sung by haunting ghosts. That is a topic I could write another whole blog about.
A couple other graphical and semantic features involve the dreamy-ness that the Backrooms especially plays into in order to destroy the barrier between fantasy and reality, if anything is possible then a nightmare could be any imaginable or unimaginable threat. This dreaminess is injected with the sky shots, childish imagery, and unnatural proportions and blurriness.
3. Liminal Lighting
Aside from the simple use of darkness and blurry images, there are some more characteristics of liminal photography that relate to lighting. A couple photos manipulate a form of ordered chaos with a mostly predictable pathway or continuum made up of a bunch of lamps or footprints leading to somewhere that is presently in darkness, unviewable, or less so.
All good liminal photography plays with lighting and many have bright and colourful natural light coming from it being casual daytime or just the reflection of the colourful floor. The rainbow colouring and calming daytime light again links back to the facade of safety but the fact these photos can still be scary even in daytime is rare and powerful, and I believe the effect of the normally tranquility-inducing daylight causing fear is due to the hint of that omnipresent danger or fear of such. It's like a bold challenge presented to you by that thing watching you in the corner of the blurry part of the image saying "do you really think you're safe?" and "I am capable of causing anxiety and murder even in the supposed safety of day.". This gives way to the common theme which is that the bright lights and rainbow colours represent what is usually busy and safe while the darkness represents that creepy unknown and unexpected emptiness.
==~~~~•Summary•~~~~==
Liminal photography is best distinguished with three key features: ghost town effect; a juxtaposed sense of unexpected emptiness causing a survival reflex, the weirdness element; using generated 3d models and modifying conventional colour schemes and structures like the swimming pool levels of the Backrooms to unsettle the viewer, and either a mostly invisible scene or a predictable and set path into the unknown.
The ghost town effect deploys contextually busy settings paired with empty scenes, forcing the reader to anxiously question the reason for the death of a city for example, activating a survival instinct. Made possible by large rooms and echoing ambience like water. There is also a pure weirdness effect made using the built up facade of false safety from the childish imagery, bright primary colours, strange object proportions, themes of endlessness with hallways, and hints to a supernatural catastrophe. This is usually perceived from the blurry images, huge emptiness, omnipresent fear created, and large portions of unknown in an image which make the viewer feel lonely. Finally, the third feature being the rare lighting, that being the daytime lighting or the path of destiny represented by a line of lights or a dark hallway. The predictable pathway and mostly dark images give a sense of a threatening challenge being made and determined fate. These features all combine to make a really effective piece of horror art and therefore photography.
==~~•Conclusion•~~==
Overall, liminal photography is a really good mixture of weird, supernatural, and just generally creepy photography that uses some simple patterns and techniques to make something scary.
I hope you enjoyed and like the photography I've shown, make sure to give your takes on my ideas and any of your own ideas and feedback about the photography or blog. Anything from questions to criticism can be sent to me via my discord: pebis#2175. Thanks for reading. ,